This article is one of my most favorite pieces of writing I have done for academic research paper, not because of the quality but because of the content and the subject I am talking about. Here you go..:)
‘Peace as a goal is an ideal which will not be contested by any government or nation, not even the most belligerent.’[1] Aung San Suu Kyi
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi is a pro-democracy campaigner, an activist for non-violence, and leader of the opposition National League for Democracy Party (NLD). She stands for equality and democracy in Burma; just like her father she has become an independent hero, who represents their best and perhaps sole hope for Burmese people that someday there will be a new independent country free from the repression of military rule.[2] Sacrificing her life for the powerless people of her country, she chose the path that consumes all her life. By using the weapons of non-violence and peace, she bravely fights for democracy as she said, “The only real prison is fear, and the only real freedom is freedom from fear.”[3] Although she is not a monk or a religious figure per se, the principle of her life and her philosophy is directly influenced by her religion. As a result of her tolerance and silence under a decade of house arrest, “Aung San Suu Kyi has become an international symbol of heroic and peaceful resistance in the face of oppression.”[4] She is an outstanding example of the power of the powerless. The following paper will discuss Buddhism, its teaching, and how the life of Aung San Suu Kyi, one of its most famous political figures, is influenced by the impact of communist government in Myanmar, where Buddhism plays a great role in their life as majority of the population are Buddhist.
First of all, “at the heart of Buddhism are three elements known as the ‘Three Jewels’ or the ‘Triple Gem’: the Buddha, the Dharma (teachings), and the Sangha (congregation).”[5] Buddhists express their faith in these elements by saying they take refuge in them: whoever practices this religion maintains this ceremony as a recitation for over 2,500 years. The founder, Shakyamuni Buddha, was born in northern India around 2,500 years ago; he did not claim to be a god or a prophet, nor did he want to be worshiped as a god. Instead, he was a human being who became Enlightened, understanding life in the deepest way possible.[6] After a deep enlightenment at the age of thirty-five, he spent the remaining years teaching until he died at the age of eighty.
During his lifetime, he set the wheel of ‘dharma’ (teaching) in motion; it is a central concept in Buddhist thought and it’s sometimes translated as ‘law.’ According to the Buddhist dharma, existence has three characteristics: “suffering, impermanence, and no self.”[7] ‘Suffering’ refers to all varieties of pain and deprivations that human are subject to both physically and psychologically; ‘impermanence’ is the passing nature of all things as he said in his last words, “Everything that arises also passes away.”[8] Finally, the principle of no-self indicates the idea that nothing can last or be owned by a person forever, which is the concept of impermanence. Thus, the concepts of Buddhism guide and teach the followers as congregation to sustain peace, altruism, and compassion for any living being in order to be united and help to understand this present life as deeply as possible. Additionally, the Buddha also established a community (sangha) of discipline and charged his followers to carry the teaching to all regions of the world. In fact, the mission was profoundly successful; as a result, today Buddhists live in almost every country and Buddhism is the dominant religion in many parts of Asia including Myanmar.[9] Therefore, being a devoted Buddhist is to practice the teaching daily by using this precious human life, the intelligence, and mind that we possess for the benefit of all.
Secondly, Buddhism has a great influence on the lives of people wherever the teaching are practiced. Myanmar, for instance, is the mother land of Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of pro-democratic movement in Burma, where the majority of the population are devoted Buddhists. The Buddhist teaching is very much part of the Burmese way of life. The order of the Buddhist monks, the Sangha, is a great democratic body, “The first real democracy (using the word in its best sense) that the world has known; and every Burman at some time in his life, be it for a shorter or longer period, takes the vows and dons the Yellow Robe.”[10] In fact, every Burmese grows up in the environment of Buddhism where impersonality, alms for building monasteries and pagodas, and great tolerance adapt in their soul. Fielding Hall says, “A remarkable trait of the Burmese character is their unwillingness to interfere in others people’s affairs,”[11] But this deep influence of Buddhist teaching, which forbids them to fight back and endure their miseries with tolerance, can no longer please a national hero’s daughter like Aung San Suu Kyi. Instead, on the same principle, she has devoted her whole life to standing for the powerless and fighting for democracy under the ruthless Juna’s regime.
The third child in her family, Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June, 1945 in Rangoon, Myanmar. She is a daughter of Aung San, a martyred national hero of independent Burma and Khin Kyi, a prominent Burmese diplomat.[12] She was just two years old when her father was assassinated right before he became a prime minister and Burma got independence. Her mother was then appointed as ambassador to India, and she accompanied her mother to New Delhi where she continued her studies.[13] After further study in India, she attended the University of Oxford, where she met her future husband, Michael Aris, had two children, and lived a rather quiet life until 1988, when she returned to Burma to nurse her dying mother.[14] While returning to Burma, the mass slaughter of protesters against the brutal ruler General Ne Win led her to speak out against him and to begin a nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights. Although she did not initially jump into politics at her early age, the arrival of Junta regime with their violent administration drag her to choose this path, never to go back. In terms of democracy and equality she stands for, her philosophy and ideas are fundamentally shaped by her religion—non violence and freedom for human rights are the essential concept of Buddhism: “One characteristic of Buddhist political rule, at least ideally, was promotion of non-violence.”[15] At her first public speech, she addresses thousands of people outside Shwedagon Pagoda, calling for democratic government. Shortly after, National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed, with Suu Kyi general-secretary. [16] Their policy of non-violence, civil disobedience, and her speeches attracted large audiences in the country and she continues to campaign even under the restricted law and order set by the new military regime
Furthermore, at the funeral of her mother, Daw Khin Kyi, she vowed in front of the huge funeral procession that as her father and mother had served the people of Burma, she too would, even unto death.[17] The characteristic of existence based on Buddhism teaching was practically demonstrated in her life as she committed her whole life to helping Burma and tolerated the violent suppression of the government, not for the benefits of her own self, but for the people of her country. As opposition leader and freedom fighter, she was banned from running for election and eventually placed under house arrest and held incommunicable from 1989 to 1995. In spite of her detention, “her party NLD (won) election with 82% of parliamentary seats in 1990 election”;[18] however, the government refused to recognize the results. She and her party were continuously harassed by the military government and kept in house arrest for the following years until she was released in 2010. For the sake of her country, she was not able to see her sons become men and nurse her beloved husband even in his dying bed: “The military offered to free her if she agreed to leave Myanmar, but she refused to do so until the country was returned to civilian government and political prisoners were freed.”[19] She allowed her ‘suffering’ for the healing of her country even though she had to lose her beloved family. She endured the misery willingly and without complaints: “I don’t see this as a sacrifice. It’s embarrassing when people say that. I chose this path and I took it.”[20] Her beliefs uphold the significance of peace and compassion for others and give her courage to fight for the weak and helpless, which is the essential duty of being a Buddhist.
Finally, during her house arrest and restriction, her voice was heard internationally quite often through media. In fact, collections of her writing including her famous essay “Freedom from Fear” and other pieces, including an essay on politics and Burmese literature and her Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, are widely popular and honored.[21] In the collection of her essays, she argues that “It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.”[22] Here she denounced the brutal regime, who sealed the mouths of citizens of Burma so they were unable to raise their voices. In 1991, she won Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts, as Robshaw noted in his book review: “Suu kyi position is that of a classic democratic liberal: governments must be chosen by the people and once in power must permit opposition.”[23] The points she makes are straight forward, strong and deeply influenced by her mother religion.
Recently, there has been good news for Burma and as worldwide since she and her party claim their seats at the parliament to reinforce their fighting for democracy after detention for 25 years. According to BBC news on 18 April, 2012, “(she) is planning to travel abroad for the first time in 24 years,” she was elected to parliament in a by-election, which saw her party win 43 out of the 45 seats early this month. [24] She and her NLD party take oath despite dispute over wording that obliges them to ‘safeguard’ constitution on Wednesday 2 May, 2012 according to The Guardian on 3 May, 2012.[25] They urge the document amended to reduce the military’s dominance government. As she said in terms of constitution, “Politics is an issue of give and take. We are not giving up; we are just yielding to the aspirations of the people.”[26] Though she endured oppression and tolerance for half of her life, her determinations and the results of her suffering will now shine and help her beloved country into a new era with a slow transition from military to civilian rule.
Wherever we go, whoever we become, the faith we have in religion and the teaching we absorbed from our belief play a great role in our life in some way or the other. Our opinion, attitude, and way of life are guided so long from our childhood that it might be not bias to say religion was imprinted on us when we were born in a family or society where religion is guidance for everyone. Though she does not explicitly emphasize the role of Buddhism in her life, we can see from this research, the influence rooted in her ideas and actions of which she might not even be aware. And through her principles, we can learn many lessons of humanity, the sacred doctrine of her beliefs as she stands up for peace, equality, and being a role model for this generation and the era to come.
Bibliography
Amore, Roy C. “Chapter 5, Buddhist Traditions.” In World Religion: Eastern Traditions, edited
by Roy C. Amor and Willard G. Oxtoby, Third Edition, 178-200. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Bio.true story.com. “Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Biography.” Accessed 23 April, 2012.
http://www.biography.com/people/daw-aung-san-suu-kyi-9192617
Maurice, Davis. “Influence of Buddhism on the Burmese people” Buddhism in Myanmar.
Accessed April 23, 2012. http://www.thisismyanmar.com/nibbana/dmauric1.htm.
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http://www.link.asn.au/downloads/papers/burma/p_bm_03.pdf
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The Independent, 20 January, 2011, Sunday book review. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/freedom-from-fear-by-aung-san-suu-kyi-2171533.html
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